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Process Data set: [CicloData] (3)|steel production, electric, low-alloyed | steel, low-alloyed | Cutoff, U (en) en

Key Data Set Information
Location CL
Geographical representativeness description Data are sourced from plants located or activities taking place in Switzerland and/or relevant literature sources.
Reference year 2012
Name
[CicloData] (3)|steel production, electric, low-alloyed | steel, low-alloyed | Cutoff, U
Classification
Class name : Hierarchy level
  • ILCD: #ECOED / #CICLODATA / Acero / 2.Producción de acero
General comment on data set ecoQuery: https://ecoquery.ecoinvent.org/3.10/cutoff/dataset/22843/documentation This activity represent the recycling of ferrous scrap in an electric arc furnace (EAF) in Switzerland, producing low-alloyed electric carbon steel. The acitivty starts when scrap arrives at the recycling facility and ends with secondary steel (billets) produced.;The major feedstock for the EAF is ferrous scrap, which may comprise internal scrap from inside the steelworks, cut-offs from steel product manufacturers (e.g. the automotive industry), post-consumer scrap, and scrap recovered from other waste treatment processes (e.g. municipal solid waste incineration). The production of steel in the EAF process is a discontinuous process, which involves raw material handling and storage, furnace charging with/without scrap preheating, EAF scrap melting, steel and slag tapping, ladle furnace treatments for quality adjustment, slag handling and continuous casting. The actual melting is done by lowering graphite electrodes into the scrap until they strike an arc that melts the scrap. ;The steel produced in this activity process is “low-alloyed”, containing a maximum share of 5% of alloying elements. This steel is mostly used in the construction industry.;Literature: Melanie Haupt, Thomas Kägi, Stefanie Hellweg, 2018, Life cycle inventories of waste management processes., Data in Brief, 19, 1441-1457. DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.067 This activity starts with 'Iron scrap, sorted, pressed' being available to the recycling facility (electric arc furnance). This activity ends with the secondary steel (billets) produced. Wood waste generated from single-use packaging material for input materials has been omitted.
Copyright Yes
Quantitative reference
Reference flow(s)
Time representativeness
Data set valid until 2023
Time representativeness description Data mainly reflecting situation in Switzerland in 2012.
Technological representativeness
Technology description including background system Technology encountered in CH for the underlying time frame.
LCI method and allocation
Type of data set Unit process, black box
LCI Method Principle Other
Data sources, treatment and representativeness
Data treatment and extrapolations principles The data is representative for recycling in Switzerland. Most information in this dataset was collected at an electric arc furnace in Switzerland. No data was found on the infrastructure requirements. The same amount as in existing European datasets is therefore assumed. The exchange amounts have been scaled by 1/1.05 compared to the original inventory in Haupt et al. (2018) to correct for the input of iron scrap. The generation of wastes and by-products reported in Haupt et al. (2018) has been aligned/approximated with the exhanges availble in the ecoinvent database to the extent possible. The wood waste from single-use packaging (1.58162E-04kg per kg scrap input) has been omitted.
Data source(s) used for this data set
Completeness
Completeness of product model No statement
Data generator
Data set generator / modeller
Data entry by
Time stamp (last saved) 2024-10-18T12:53:30.846000-03:00
Data set format(s)
Data entry by
Publication and ownership
UUID d388b75b-4cc1-4658-a28a-fb26ef2cfb65
Date of last revision 2024-10-17T19:36:43.420000-03:00
Data set version 00.00.014
Unchanged re-publication of
Copyright Yes

Inputs

Type of flow Classification Flow Location Mean amount Resulting amount Minimum amount Maximum amount
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 24:Manufacture of basic metals / 242:Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals / 2420:Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals GLO 0.001315293697888466 kg0.001315293697888466 kg
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 27:Manufacture of electrical equipment / 279:Manufacture of other electrical equipment / 2790:Manufacture of other electrical equipment GLO 0.0017258457147653866 kg0.0017258457147653866 kg
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 20:Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products / 201:Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics / 2011:Manufacture of basic chemicals GLO 2.2056086494157045E-5 kg2.2056086494157045E-5 kg
Product flow
C:Manufacturing / 28:Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. / 281:Manufacture of general-purpose machinery / 2815:Manufacture of ovens, furnaces and furnace burners RoW 4.3146142869134544E-11 Item(s)4.3146142869134544E-11 Item(s)
General comment Input of (immobile) infrastructure modelled with an activity link to the supplying activity (construction) of matching geography.
Product flow D:Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply / 35:Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply / 351:Electric power generation, transmission and distribution / 3510:Electric power generation, transmission and distribution CL 1.631788980734115 MJ1.631788980734115 MJ
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 24:Manufacture of basic metals / 241:Manufacture of basic iron and steel / 2410:Manufacture of basic iron and steel GLO 0.011709871893201364 kg0.011709871893201364 kg
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 24:Manufacture of basic metals / 241:Manufacture of basic iron and steel / 2410:Manufacture of basic iron and steel GLO 0.0044510845860717616 kg0.0044510845860717616 kg
Product flow
B:Mining and quarrying / 05:Mining of coal and lignite / 051:Mining of hard coal / 0510:Mining of hard coal RoW 0.016565931557504885 kg0.016565931557504885 kg
General comment Sum of all hard coal inputs listed in the orignal dataset in Haupt et al. (2018).
Product flow
C:Manufacturing / 17:Manufacture of paper and paper products / 170:Manufacture of paper and paper products / 1701:Manufacture of pulp, paper and paperboard RoW 0.039486260544262165 MJ0.039486260544262165 MJ
General comment This exchange is linked directly to ensure the supply chain that was identified during the data collection.
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 20:Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products / 201:Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics / 2011:Manufacture of basic chemicals RoW 1.4970493139792953E-4 kg1.4970493139792953E-4 kg
Product flow Recycled content cut-off CL 1.1363636363636365 kg1.1363636363636365 kg
Product flow D:Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply / 35:Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply / 352:Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains / 3520:Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains RoW 0.021075278380412843 m30.021075278380412843 m3
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 20:Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products / 201:Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics / 2011:Manufacture of basic chemicals RoW 0.03824592755812978 kg0.03824592755812978 kg
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 23:Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products / 239:Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. / 2394:Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster RoW 0.048476454293628866 kg0.048476454293628866 kg
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 23:Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products / 239:Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. / 2391:Manufacture of refractory products GLO 0.010912448585578783 kg0.010912448585578783 kg
Product flow C:Manufacturing / 24:Manufacture of basic metals / 242:Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals / 2420:Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals RoW 8.177695599915261E-5 kg8.177695599915261E-5 kg
Elementary flow Resources / Resources from water / Renewable material resources from water CL 9.656477272727273E-4 m39.656477272727273E-4 m3

Outputs

Type of flow Classification Flow Location Mean amount Resulting amount Minimum amount Maximum amount
Product flow
C:Manufacturing / 24:Manufacture of basic metals / 241:Manufacture of basic iron and steel / 2410:Manufacture of basic iron and steel CL 1.0 kg1.0 kg
General comment This processes ends with the production of the steel billet.
Waste flow C:Manufacturing / 23:Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products / 239:Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. / 2394:Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster RoW 0.016188732867924206 kg0.016188732867924206 kg
Waste flow
E:Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities / 38:Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery / 382:Waste treatment and disposal / 3821:Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste RoW 0.17276260178873978 kg0.17276260178873978 kg
General comment This exchange is an approximation for "slag from electric arc furnace (recycled as gravel)", a waste that is actually recycled as gravel in a process that is not (yet) available in the database. A user can set this amount to zero in order to reintroduce the cut-off.
Waste flow
E:Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities / 38:Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery / 382:Waste treatment and disposal / 3821:Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste RER 0.008422540871282897 kg0.008422540871282897 kg
General comment This exchange is an approximation for "debris (separation of metals which are sent to recycling, rest landfilled)" and "tinder (treatment unknown)", a waste that is actually of unknown composition and its treatment process is not (yet) available in the database. Users can set this amount to zero in order to reintroduce the cut-off.
Waste flow
E:Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities / 38:Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery / 382:Waste treatment and disposal / 3821:Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste RoW 0.019385260227272726 kg0.019385260227272726 kg
General comment This exchange is derived as the sum of the flows reported in Haupt et al. (2018) as 'inert waste, for final disposal' (1.60813E-02 kg/kg scrap input) and 'dummy - used refractory (recycled)' (9.77729E-04 kg/kg scrap input). Used refractory is in this case actually recycled in a process that is not (yet) available in the database. A user can set this amount to zero in order to reintroduce the cut-off.
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 1.4705146932914546E-8 kg1.4705146932914546E-8 kg
Elementary flow
Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 0.06852026564311421 kg0.06852026564311421 kg
General comment Calculated value based on the input of hard coal, natural gas and ferromanganese, and corrected for the emission factors for carbon monoxide and methane, as well as the carbon contained in the reference product and main by-products.
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 4.977839288260909E-4 kg4.977839288260909E-4 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 3.594591472490227E-8 kg3.594591472490227E-8 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 5.065106165781682E-8 kg5.065106165781682E-8 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 6.535620859073137E-14 kg6.535620859073137E-14 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 6.911419058469841E-7 kg6.911419058469841E-7 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 5.963754033904238E-7 kg5.963754033904238E-7 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 9.640040767132886E-8 kg9.640040767132886E-8 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 2.466852773861875E-5 kg2.466852773861875E-5 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 2.466870093257159E-5 kg2.466870093257159E-5 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 3.267810429536568E-9 kg3.267810429536568E-9 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 1.3888194325530454E-7 kg1.3888194325530454E-7 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 8.619013398424182E-6 kg8.619013398424182E-6 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 3.0420047288555906E-6 kg3.0420047288555906E-6 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 8.619013398424182E-6 kg8.619013398424182E-6 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 8.986478681225568E-10 kg8.986478681225568E-10 kg
Elementary flow
Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 8.739869827079659E-4 m38.739869827079659E-4 m3
General comment Amount of water to air was not provided in Haupt et al. (2018), hence estimated here as input of cooling water minus water released back to water.
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to air / Emissions to urban air close to ground CL 8.77243709809092E-6 kg8.77243709809092E-6 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to water / Emissions to water, unspecified CL 1.9606862577219433E-10 kg1.9606862577219433E-10 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to water / Emissions to water, unspecified CL 9.640040767132886E-8 kg9.640040767132886E-8 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to water / Emissions to water, unspecified CL 1.960686257721943E-8 kg1.960686257721943E-8 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to water / Emissions to water, unspecified CL 3.9213725154438865E-10 kg3.9213725154438865E-10 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to water / Emissions to water, unspecified CL 3.921372515443887E-9 kg3.921372515443887E-9 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to water / Emissions to water, unspecified CL 3.218793273093523E-7 kg3.218793273093523E-7 kg
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to water / Emissions to water, unspecified CL 9.166074456476125E-5 m39.166074456476125E-5 m3
Elementary flow Emissions / Emissions to water / Emissions to water, unspecified CL 2.3021724476085117E-6 kg2.3021724476085117E-6 kg
Elementary flow Elementary flows / Emission to water / unspecified CL 8.852825234657523E-5 kg8.852825234657523E-5 kg